Advances in smartphone-based biosensors for food testing

Food is an essential part of human life, and with economic growth, the focus has shifted from quantity to quality and safety. Rapid food testing, which involves identifying suspicious samples from a large number of food samples quickly, is crucial. A promising approach is to integrate current food analysis techniques with smartphone-based detection systems. This review summarizes recent developments in smartphone-based biosensors for portable food detection, presenting both single-mode and dual-mode biosensors on smartphones, as well as common materials used for optical sensing biosensors. The advancements in smartphone-based biosensors are driven by artificial intelligence technology. In this review, we discuss not only the technical principles and applications but also the challenges and future perspectives for smartphone-based biosensors.