An Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithm for Electric Delivery Trucks Considering Battery Constraints and Traffic Flow

Minimizing energy consumption in electric vehicle (EV) routing is essential for achieving sustainability and efficiency. Current methods primarily address factors such as battery constraints and road conditions, without traffic flow models. Our approach enhances these methods by incorporating the Bureau of Public Roads (BPR) function to account for traffic flow. This model provides accurate and practical route optimization with a simple yet comprehensive energy calculation, considering vehicle efficiency and constant speed. The proposed model is applied to routing electric delivery trucks, and simulation results indicate that this approach can route electric delivery trucks in an energy-efficient manner under battery and traffic constraints. Our findings highlight the proposed algorithm is robust against the changes of traffic flows and locations of customers.