Fifteen Years of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in an Indonesian National Referral Hospital: Epidemiologic Trends and Diagnostic Challenges

PURPOSE The global burden of lymphoma is substantial because of the increase in its incidence in recent decades. However, disease characteristics vary across different geographical locations. Numerous immunohistochemistry markers and molecular studies are essential to determine lymphoma diagnosis and prognosis. This poses significant challenges in developing countries with limited health care resources. This large-scale study assesses the frequency of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in Indonesia over the past 15 years, analyses its clinicopathologic features, and predicts future trends. METHODS This retrospective study collected lymphoma patients diagnosed at the Department of Anatomical Pathology Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital, Indonesia, from 2009 until 2023. All lymphoma diagnoses were confirmed by using ancillary tools classified as an enhanced lymphoma panel according to a resource-stratified guideline. We analyzed the clinicopathologic features of each NHL type and further applied the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model to predict future incidence trends. RESULTS The study consisted of 7,368 NHL patients. Among these, B-cell lymphomas accounted for 90.6%, with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma being the most prevalent subtype (68.8%), followed by follicular lymphoma (8.8%) and marginal zone lymphoma (5.8%). Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, is the most common T-cell lymphoma found (26.3%). All types of lymphoma were found to be more common in males (57.7%). Extranodal involvement, particularly in the tonsil and upper respiratory tract, was frequently observed. Projection analysis indicates a steady increase in lymphoma patients in the future. CONCLUSION This study highlights the distribution and burden of NHL in Indonesia over 15 years. The overall epidemiologic pattern of NHL in this study aligns with the results observed in other Asian countries. The rising incidence of lymphoma requires improved health care infrastructure and prevention strategies.