Characterization and mitigation measures for carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia emissions in dairy barns

• The sources of CO 2 , CH 4 and NH 3 are mainly related to the enteric activity and the waste management; • The most mitigation strategies are related to changes in animal diets and care for waste management inside the barn; • Frequent waste removal reduces CO 2 emissions within dairy cattle housing facilities; • Implementing optimized nutrition management and utilizing CH 4 inhibitors in cattle feed can significantly reduce methane emissions in dairy cattle housing facilities; • Dietary adjustments, innovative technologies, and confinement systems offer promising avenues for reducing NH 3 emissions in dairy cattle housing facilities. The agricultural sector is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, with dairy production being a significant source. In this context, the study aims to characterize CO₂, CH₄, and NH₃ emissions—key greenhouse gases in dairy barns—and to evaluate strategies for mitigating these emissions. Inside dairy barns, the primary sources of CO₂, CH₄, and NH₃ emissions are linked to the enteric processes of the animals and the waste deposited within the dairy barns. CO₂ mainly originates from animal respiration and the decomposition of organic matter. CH₄ is generated through enteric fermentation in the rumen and the anaerobic decomposition of manure. Additionally, NH₃ is released from the enzymatic breakdown of urea in urine. Mitigation efforts have shown promise within dairy barns through various approaches. Optimizing animal diets by incorporating supplements and controlling protein intake helps reduce methane production from enteric fermentation. Enhanced manure management practices, including separating feces and urine, adjusting manure pH, and increasing cleaning frequency, are effective in minimizing ammonia and methane emissions within dairy barns. Nevertheless, achieving significant emission reductions also requires effective waste management beyond the facilities. This study contributes to the ongoing dialogue on sustainable livestock production by addressing both emission sources and potential solutions in dairy farming.