Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles from Ascaris lumbricoides antigen exposure enhance Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth control, reduce IL-1β, and contain miR-342-5p, miR-516b-5p, and miR-570-3p that regulate PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathwa

Overall, our findings suggest that miRNAs in EVs released from helminth-exposed macrophages regulate important signaling pathways that influence macrophage control of Mtb and reduce inflammation. Understanding these interactions between helminth-induced EVs, miRNAs, and macrophage responses may inform novel therapeutic strategies for TB management.