Using iNaturalist presence data to produce suitability maps for Triatoma protracta, T. rubida and T. recurva in the American Southwest, Texas and northern Mexico, to identify potential transmission zones of Chagas disease

There are 11 species of triatomines in the USA, with seven reported in the American Southwest. These species are capable of transmitting Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, but are generally sylvatic and rarely infect humans in the USA. iNaturalist is one of the most popular citizen science data portals, where users record encounters with any individual organism. As of November 2023, iNaturalist reported 722 confirmed triatomine observations in the American Southwest. Maximum entropy ecological niche modelling and bioclimatic environmental variables were used to predict zones of highest human-triatomine interaction. Models fit well for Triatoma protracta (0.85), T. rubida (0.94), and T. recurva (0.96). Precipitation in the warmest quarter was most predictive of T. protracta presence, while precipitation in the driest quarter was most predictive of T. rubida and T. recurva. Locations identified in the American Southwest with highest potential for human-triatomine interaction, and potential T. cruzi transmission, were coastal California, the Sierra Nevada foothills, southern Arizona and border areas of northern Mexico. Study findings can be used for targeted surveillance efforts to address the paucity of contemporary information regarding triatomine species diversity and geographical and ecological associations in the American Southwest.