Molecular level analysis of the influence of natural biomaterials on aviation flame retardant performance

The use of natural biomaterials in flame retardant formulations as sustainable alternatives has gained significant interest in recent years. Given the high-risk environment in which airplanes operate, aviation safety remains a top priority. Flame retardants (FRs) are crucial for preventing or reducing the spread of flames in flammable materials used in aircraft construction and interior furnishings, thus mitigating fire risks. This study aims to analyze the molecular-level influence of natural biomaterials on aviation flame retardant performance, with a focus on lignin. Lignin, a natural polymer derived from plant cell walls, offers an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional synthetic flame retardants. Lignin-based composites can be applied to various aircraft components, such as wings and fuselage. The study employs Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to investigate the molecular interactions of these biomaterials. Additionally, to assess thermal stability and degradation, Thermo-gravimetric Analysis (TGA) is utilized. The results indicate that lignin enhances flame retardancy by promoting the formation of a protective char layer and improving thermal stability. This research also provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying lignin’s effectiveness as a flame retardant and explores its potential in developing high-performance aircraft flame retardants.