Efficient wastewater management for smart cities using Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technology

Access to clean and sufficient water is considered a basic right for humans and other living organisms sharing the environment. However, factors like rapid urban growth, climate change, population increase, and the overproduction of industrial and agricultural goods have contributed to water shortages and quality problems in many communities worldwide. Digital technologies, such as blockchain, machine learning, and the Internet of Things (IoT), offer opportunities to develop new solutions for creating smart and sustainable environments. In this paper, we introduce a unified water management system (IB-WMS) using IoT and blockchain technologies to monitor water quality, level, temperature, pressure, and consumption. This system is designed to be reliable, scalable, and transparent due to the integration of blockchain and IoT. Simulations indicate that the IB-WMS system achieves 89% efficiency, a 90% wastewater reuse rate, and a 95% water recycling rate.