Transcription factor PagWRKY33 regulates gibberellin signaling and immune receptor pathways in <i>Populus</i>

Enhanced autoimmunity often leads to impaired plant growth and development, and the coordination of immunity and growth in Populus remains elusive. In this study, we have identified the transcription factors PagWRKY33a/b as key regulators of immune response and growth maintenance in Populus. The disruption of PagWRKY33a/b causes growth issues and autoimmunity while conferring resistance to anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. PagWRKY33a/b binds to the promoters of N requirement gene 1.1 (NRG1.1) and Gibberellic Acid-Stimulated in Arabidopsis (GASA14) during infection, activating their transcription. This process maintains disease resistance and engages in GA signaling to reduce growth costs from immune activation. The oxPagWRKY33a/nrg1.1 mutant results in reduced resistance to C. gloeosporioides. Further, PagWRKY33a/b is phosphorylated and activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1, which inhibits respiratory burst oxidase homolog D (RBOHD) and respiratory burst oxidase homolog I (RBOHI) transcription, causing reactive oxygen species bursts in wrky33a/b double mutants. This leads to an upregulation of PagNRG1.1 in the absence of pathogens. However, the wrky33a/b/nrg1.1 and wrky33a/b/rbohd triple mutants show compromised defense responses, underscoring the complexity of WRKY33 regulation. Additionally, the stability of PagWRKY33 is modulated by Ring Finger Protein 5 (PagRNF5)-mediated ubiquitination, balancing plant immunity and growth. Together, our results provide key insights into the complex function of WRKY33 in Populus autoimmunity and its impact on growth and development.