<i>Heliconius</i> butterflies use wide-field landscape features, but not individual local landmarks, during spatial learning

Spatial learning is vital in foraging ecology. Many hymenopteran insects are adept spatial foragers that rely on visual cues contained within broader wide-field scenes for central place foraging from a central nest. By contrast, for butterflies, which lack central nest sites, visual cue use during spatial foraging is less understood. <i>Heliconius</i> butterflies, however, exhibit stable nocturnal roosts, strong site fidelity and a sophisticated capacity for spatial navigation. This study furthers our understanding of <i>Heliconius</i> spatial learning by testing whether <i>H. erato</i> can associate a spatially informative visual cue with artificial feeders. We explored the relative importance of a visual local landmark compared with broader, wide-field visual cues, through experiments with (i) a fixed rewarded feeder with a local landmark; (ii) a mobile rewarded feeder with the landmark as the sole reliable cue; (iii) the same setup while blocking visual access to external landscape features. Our data suggest that <i>Heliconius</i> butterflies learn static feeder locations without relying on a local individual landmark. Instead, we suggest they integrate broader landscape and celestial cues. This suggests that <i>Heliconius</i> butterflies and central place foraging hymenopterans likely share similar visual navigation strategies, using wide-field, low-resolution views rather than focusing on specific individual landmarks.