Rice yield and electricity production in agro-photovoltaic systems

Fossil fuels, particularly oil, face sustainability challenges due to depletion and their role in increasing atmospheric CO2 levels, contributing to climate change and impacting global agriculture.Renewable energy sources like solar power offer a viable alternative.This study explores the feasibility of agro-photovoltaic (APV) systems, which integrate solar panels with agricultural land to generate electricity while cultivating crops.Specifically, the impact of APV systems on rice production and quality was investigated.Solar modules with a total capacity of 99.84 kW were installed on a 2580 m 2 site, with two module configurations tested.Two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, Woonkwang and Saenuri, were transplanted and monitored for growth characteristics, chlorophyll content, and fluorescence, as well as yield and quality.Growth analysis of rice under APV systems showed minimal impact on plant height and tiller numbers, though chlorophyll content analysis indicated delayed leaf aging and extended maturation time.Rice yield decreased due to altered panicle and spikelet numbers.Quality analysis revealed changes in head rice rate and broken rice, stressing optimal harvest timing in APV systems.Shading conditions also affected physicochemical properties and taste profiles.Yields dropped by about 20% under APV systems, but the financial returns from electricity generation significantly outweighed the crop revenue loss.Despite the high initial installation costs and regulatory challenges, APV systems present a promising dual-use approach for enhancing farm income and promoting renewable energy.Continued research and investment are essential for optimizing APV systems and expanding their adoption.