Dynamic Priority Scheduling of Multithreaded ROS 2 Executor With Shared Resources

The second generation of robot operating system (ROS 2) received significant attention from the real-time system research community, mostly aiming at providing formal modeling and timing analysis. However, most of the current efforts are limited to the default scheduling design schemes of ROS 2. The unique scheduling policies maintained by default ROS 2 significantly affect the response time and acceptance rate of workload schedulability. It also invalidates the adaptation of the rich existing results related to nonpreemptive (and limited-preemptive) scheduling problems in the real-time systems community to ROS 2 schedulability analysis. This article aims to design, implement, and analyze a standard dynamic priority-based real-time scheduler for ROS 2 while handling shared resources. Specifically, we propose to replace the readySet with a readyQueue, which is much more efficient and comes with improvements for callback selection, queue updating, and a skipping scheme to avoid priority inversion from resource sharing. Such a novel ROS 2 executor design can also be used for efficient implementations of fixed priority policies and mixed-policy schedulers. Our modified executor maintains the compatibility with default ROS 2 architecture. We further identified and built a link between the scheduling of limited-preemption points tasks via the global earliest deadline first (GEDF) algorithm and ROS 2 processing chain scheduling without shared resources. Based on this, we formally capture the worst-case blocking time and thereby develop a response time analysis for ROS 2 processing chains with shared resources. We evaluate our scheduler by implementing our modified scheduler that accepts scheduling parameters from the system designer in ROS 2. We ran two case studies-one using real ROS 2 nodes to drive a small ground vehicle, and one using synthetic tasks. The second case study identifies a case where the modified executor prevents priority inversion. We also test our analysis with randomly generated workloads. In our tests, our modified scheduler performed better than the ROS 2 default. Our code is available online: <uri xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">https://github.com/RTIS-Lab/ROS-Dynamic-Executor</uri> .