Physics of Phase Transition Switches

The semiconductor industry is undergoing an epochal shift, driven by the move to pseudo-three- (2.5D) and three-dimensional (3D) packaging of integrated circuits based on non-scalable classical Boltzmann transistors. In this regard, the scaling potential of post-Boltzmann phase-transition logic switches, memory elements, super-Nernstian sensors, and zero-energy displays remains underappreciated. Broadly defined, phase-transition switches operate between two stable states separated by an energy or power barrier, offering promising solutions for the future of electronics. This tutorial paper provides a foundational and intuitive understanding of the emerging field of phase-transition electronics. It also highlights open issues and research opportunities, serving as a roadmap for advancing this critical technology.