Changes in skeletal muscle in diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic (chemical processes) diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Globally, the number of patients with diabetes mellitus follows an upward trend with an annual increase. As the disease progresses, the frequency of the micro and macrovascular complications of diabetes gradually increases. In recent years, much attention has been paid to the effect of diabetes mellitus on the skeletal muscle status. Structural and functional abnormalities, and metabolic disorders in skeletal muscles that develop with ageing are also specifically attributed to patients with diabetes, but they manifest themselves at an earlier age. Chronic hyperglycemia can accelerate the ageing process and play a crucial role in the development of diabetic myopathy, which is characterized by decreased muscle mass, skeletal muscle weakness and atrophy, pain, impaired sensation and even quadriplegia in severe cases. A reduction in the rate of muscle protein synthesis and a rise in the rate of its degradation is a pathophysiological sign of diabetic muscle atrophy. Research into the molecular mechanisms of diabetic myopathy will aid the development of effective methods of prevention and treatment, however, the achievement and maintenance of glycaemic targets plays a critical role in ensuring health of skeletal muscles, which will make it possible to achieve the reduction in disability and improve the patients’ quality of life. Advanced glucometer models fitted with a range of additional functions allow for structured self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), analysis of the obtained data and timely correction of therapy, active involvement of patients in the process of diabetes management, which will significantly increase the effectiveness of disease management and reduce the risk of complications in patients with diabetes.