Heterosis and its influence on seed yield and yield contributing traits in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids

The study aimed to assess heterosis for seed yield and its components in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids and identify promising hybrids for commercial cultivation. Conducted at the Oilseeds Research Station, Latur, crosses were made between six cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines and nine restorer lines during Kharif 2023, evaluated in Rabi 2023-2024 using a Randomized Block Design (RBD). A total of 54 F1 hybrids, along with parental lines and three checks (LSFH-171, KBSH-44, and LSF-08), were assessed for ten quantitative traits, including plant height, head diameter, seed yield per plant, and 100-seed weight. The Line × Tester analysis revealed significant genetic variability among genotypes, parents, hybrids, and parents versus hybrids for all traits, indicating strong potential for heterosis in sunflower. The hybrid CMS-10 A × EC-502036 showed the highest positive heterosis for seed yield per plant (245.25%) over the mid-parent, followed by CMS 243 A × EC-279309-1 (205.89%) and CMS-903 A × EC-502036 (174.43%). Additionally, 41 hybrids displayed significant positive heterobeltiosis, with CMS-10 A × EC-502036 being the top performer (202.91%). Key yield-contributing traits such as head diameter and seed filling percentage also showed substantial heterosis, with hybrids like CMS 248 A × RHA-1-1 and CMS-903 A × TSG-298R leading in these categories.CMS-10 A × EC-502036 consistently outperformed both parents and checks for seed yield and related traits, demonstrating its potential for future breeding programs aimed at improving sunflower productivity. In conclusion, the study highlights significant heterosis in sunflower hybrids, particularly CMS-10 A × EC-502036, which shows promise for increased yield and agronomic performance, supporting its suitability for commercial sunflower cultivation.