Dependence of Thermal Conductivity on Size and Specific Surface Area for Different Based CoFe2O4 Cluster Nanofluids

Enhancing the thermal conductivity of fluids by using nanoparticles with outstanding thermophysical properties has acquired significant attention for heat-transfer applications. Nanofluids have the potential to optimize energy systems by improving heat-transfer efficiency. In this study, cobalt ferrite nanoparticles clusters with controlled mean sizes ranging from 97 to 192 nm were synthesized using a solvothermal method to develop novel nanofluids with enhanced thermal conductivity. These clusters were comprehensively characterized using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, vibrating-sample magnetometry, and nitrogen physisorption. The CoFe2O4 cluster nanofluids were prepared using the two-step method with various base fluids (water, propylene glycol, and a mixture of both). Dynamic light scattering analyses of the average Z-size of the dispersed nanoadditives over time revealed that the stability of the dispersions is influenced by cluster size and the proportion of glycol in the base fluid. The thermal conductivity of the base fluid and nine different 0.5 wt% CoFe2O4 cluster nanofluids was measured using the transient hot wire method at temperatures of 293.15, 303.15, and 313.15 K, showing different temperature dependencies. The study also explores the relationships between the thermal conductivity, cluster size, and specific surface area of the nanoadditives. A maximum thermal conductivity enhancement of 4.2% was reported for the 0.5 wt% nanofluid based on propylene glycol containing 97 nm CoFe2O4 clusters. The findings suggest that the specific surface area of nanostructures is a more relevant parameter than size for describing improvements in thermal conductivity.