Gibberellin biosynthesis, its roles in plant physiology and abiotic stress responses

Gibberellins (GAs) are a group of phytohormones that significantly impact plant growth and development processes, including seed germination, stem elongation, and fruit development. These diterpenoid acids are influenced by environmental factors such as light and temperature, which can alter their concentration and activity. Initially discovered in the 1920s in the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi, over 136 GAs have been identified in various plants, fungi, and bacteria. A particularly active form of gibberellin, GA3, is widely used in agriculture to promote cell elongation, induce the grow of seedless fruits and improve crop yields. The synthesis and regulation of gibberellins in plants involve complex biosynthetic pathways that integrate both endogenous and environmental signals. Additionally, GAs play a role in stress response, helping plants adapt to challenging conditions like salinity and water scarcity. Research continues to explore the biotechnological applications of GAs, including their use in floriculture, fruit production, and improving plant resilience under stress conditions, making them essential for sustainable agriculture.