Research progress on the adaptability of lunar regolith simulant-based composites and lunar base construction methods

The development and utilization of lunar resources are entering a critical stage. Immediate focus is needed on key technologies for in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) and lunar base construction. This paper comparatively analyzes the basic characteristics of lunar regolith samples returned from Chang’e-5 (CE-5), Apollo, and Luna missions, focusing on their physical, mechanical, mineral, chemical, and morphological parameters. Given the limited availability of lunar regolith, more than 50 lunar regolith simulants are summarized. The differences between lunar regolith and simulants concerning these parameters are discussed. To facilitate the construction of lunar bases, this article summarizes the advancements in research on construction materials derived from lunar regolith simulants. Based on statistical results, lunar regolith simulant-based composites are classified into 5 types by their strengthening and toughening mechanisms, and a comprehensive analysis of molding methods, preparation conditions, and mechanical properties is conducted. Furthermore, the potential lunar base construction forms are reviewed, and the adaptability of lunar regolith simulant-based composites and lunar base construction methods are proposed. The key demands of lunar bases constructed with lunar regolith-based composites are discussed, including energy demand, in-situ buildability, service performance, and structural availability. This progress contributes to providing essential material and methodological support for future lunar construction.