3D dataset generation using virtual reality for forest biodiversity

While forest biodiversity faces a concerning decline, modern technology presents promising avenues for mitigation. However, a critical gap persists in reconciling ecological knowledge with the technical expertise required to use state-of-the-art technologies in 3D data classification. Currently, one main issue is the scarcity of 3D datasets for biodiversity, particularly within the context of machine learning applications. Unlike the straightforward classification of human-made structures, forest environments are uniquely intricate and nuanced due to its inherently complex nature. This study addresses this challenge by introducing a fully automated pipeline for tree stem 3D point cloud segmentation, focussing on a biodiversity indicator: tree-related microhabitats (TreMs). Furthermore, our research advances the field by demonstrating that machine learning models trained with labels generated by our proposed virtual reality (VR) method, Labelling Flora, yield predictions statistically similar to the traditional desktop-based labelling methods. This implies that existing 3D datasets could be augmented using the more rapid approach of VR labelling. Additionally, the findings of this paper demonstrate the potential integration of VR and immersive technology into the 3D labelling workflow, facilitating a quicker and more intuitive labelling process. This could empower users, who are non-familiar with 3D modelling, to contribute their expertise to the segmentation process.