The hype of artificial intelligence in neonatology: How close are we to real AI?

Background. Artificial intelligence (AI) use in medicine has rapidly evolved, offering significant advancements in patient monitoring and diagnosis. However, the application of AI in neonatology presents unique challenges compared to adult medicine. While adult patients can often be monitored and treated autonomously through AI-powered tools like telemedicine, newborns, particularly preterm infants, are entirely dependent on continuous human care. In neonatology, human interaction—especially the tactile and empathetic care provided by nurses and doctors—remains critical, and AI systems are not equipped to replace this essential element of care. Concerns that AI might displace medical personnel in neonatal settings are unfounded, as human intervention remains irreplaceable. Discussion. Current AI technologies, often referred to as AI, are more accurately described as advanced machine learning algorithms and sophisticated software rather than true general artificial intelligence (AGI). These systems can efficiently perform well-defined tasks, such as monitoring vital signs and adjusting mechanical ventilators. However, they lack the broader understanding and adaptability necessary for independent clinical decision-making. They cannot interpret complex clinical contexts or address multifactorial medical decisions, which are still the domain of human expertise. Despite the limitations, AI holds significant potential in neonatology. It can assist in optimizing treatment protocols, such as adjusting mechanical ventilation in real-time or personalizing antibiotic treatments based on microbiological data. Furthermore, clinical decision support systems (CDSS) powered by AI can provide clinicians with evidence-based recommendations, thereby enhancing decision-making processes and improving patient outcomes. Conclusion. While promising, AI in neonatology remains a supplementary tool rather than a replacement for human judgment. Its role will likely expand, but direct human care and expertise will continue to be essential in neonatal medicine, mitigating concerns about job displacement among healthcare professionals.