Diagnosing and Characterizing Chronic Kidney Disease with Machine Learning: The Value of Clinical Patient Characteristics as Evidenced from an Open Dataset

Applying artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning for chronic kidney disease (CKD) diagnostics and characterization has the potential to improve the standard of patient care through accurate and early detection, as well as providing a more detailed understanding of the condition. This study employed reproducible validation of AI technology with public domain software applied to CKD diagnostics on a publicly available CKD dataset acquired from 400 patients. The approach presented includes patient-specific symptomatic variables and demonstrates performance improvements associated with this approach. Our best-performing AI models, which include patient symptom variables, achieve predictive accuracies ranging from 99.4 to 100% across both hold-out and 5-fold validation with the light gradient boosting machine. We demonstrate that the exclusion of patient symptom variables reduces model performance in line with the literature on the same dataset. We also provide an unsupervised learning cluster analysis to help interpret variability among, and characterize the population of, patients with CKD.