Technology and Trends for Flexible Operation in Energy Power Systems

Global concerns about climate change and carbon emission reduction have accelerated the transition towards the use of renewable energy sources, which are considered clean and low-carbon. For the power sector to swiftly adapt to this transition while maintaining its security and reliability characteristics, several infrastructure updates are necessary. Traditionally, these incorporations are studied in system expansion plans, where reconfiguration and effective system response are contemplated based on market-enabling tools. However, the dispatch of solar and wind renewable energy has increased the need to enhance the flexibility of power system management and operation due to the inherent uncertainty and variability of these sources. To efficiently harness renewable energy, various technologies in generation, transmission, and demand have been deployed to address operations focused on resolving events of uncertainty and variability. This work reviews the technological solutions being developed for flexible operation in generation, storage, transmission, and demand. Furthermore, it examines the different flexibility options within the system and how they influence system operation and planning, highlighting the importance of flexible operation to achieve a sustainable energy transition.