Performance Assessment of LoRaWAN DtS-IoT Networks: Operation Modes and Server Placement

The number of devices and services implemented on the Internet of Things (IoT) has grown significantly in recent years, creating the need to extend its reach, especially in areas where terrestrial infrastructure is not viable. This is where satellite connectivity becomes important, as it would provide efficient and global connectivity for IoT implementations in remote areas. Consequently, the concept of Direct-To-Satellite IoT (DtS-IoT) networks has emerged, where low-power devices, LPWAN, can connect directly to low-earth orbit (LEO) satellites. These networks pose new challenges for research and development due to the long transmission distances and variable communication conditions. This work evaluates one of the LPWAN technologies most suitable for the DtS-IoT scenario: LoRa and LoRaWAN. LoRa refers to the physical communication layer, while Lo-RaWAN is the communication network between LoRa devices. The research focuses on a DtS-IoT environment where LEO satellites collect data from multiple end devices on the ground. The medium's behavior is examined, exploring various factors to improve communication efficiency. Additionally, the architecture of the LoRaWAN network is addressed, with a specific focus on the optimal location of the network server, a crucial element for authenticating the data collected from the end devices.