Modeling two- and four-electrode impedance measurements on a layered material

We have used an in silico model to analyse impedance measurements on a layered material. This involves impedance measurements with a two-electrode system and transfer impedance measurements with a four-electrode system. The results indicate that sub-volumes in a material can contribute to the measured impedance in a non-intuitive way. This is particularly the case for the four-electrode system, where e.g. positive phase angle can be measured for a capacitive system or apparent negative resistance can be measured.