Tetracycline resistance gene transfer from Escherichia coli donors to Salmonella Heidelberg in chickens is impacted by the genetic context of donors

Chicken ceca are a rich source of bacteria, including zoonotic pathogens such as Salmonella enterica. The microbiota includes strains/species carrying antimicrobial resistance genes and horizontal transfer of resistance determinants between species may increase the risk to public health and farming systems. Possible sources of these antimicrobial resistance donors - the eggshell carrying bacteria from the hen vertically transmitted to the offspring, or the barn environment where chicks are hatched and raised - has been little explored. In this study, we used Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg to evaluate if layer chicks raised in different environments (using combinations of sterilized or non-sterile eggs placed in sterilized isolation chambers or non-sterile rooms) acquired transferable tetracycline resistance genes from surrounding bacteria, especially Escherichia coli. Two-day old chicks were challenged with an antibiotic-susceptible S. Heidelberg strain SH2813_nal^R and Salmonella recovered from the cecum of birds at different timepoints to test the in vivo acquisition of tetracycline resistance. Tetracycline-resistant E. coli isolates recovered from birds from the in vivo experiment were used to test the in vitro transfer of tetracycline resistance genes from E. coli to Salmonella. Even though Salmonella SH2813_nal^R colonized the 2-day old chicks after oral challenge, tetracycline-resistant Salmonella transconjugants were not recovered, as previously observed. In vitro experiments provided similar results. We discuss several hypotheses that might explain the absence of transconjugants in vitro and in vivo, despite the presence of diverse plasmids in the recovered E. coli. The factors that can inhibit/promote antimicrobial resistance transfers to Salmonella for different plasmid types need further exploration.