Identification and characterization of the lipoprotein <i>N</i> -acyltransferase in <i>Bacteroides</i>

Members of the Bacteroidota compose a large portion of the human gut microbiota, contributing to overall gut health via the degradation of various polysaccharides. This process is facilitated by lipoproteins, globular proteins anchored to the cell surface by a lipidated N-terminal cysteine. Despite their importance, lipoprotein synthesis by these bacteria is understudied. In <i>Escherichia coli</i>, the α-amino-linked lipid of lipoproteins is added by the <u>l</u>ipoprotein <i><u>N</u></i>-acyl<u>t</u>ransferase Lnt. Herein, we have identified a protein distinct from Lnt responsible for the same process in <i>Bacteroides</i>, named <u>l</u>ipoprotein <i><u>N</u></i>-acyltransferase in <i><u>B</u>acteroides</i> (Lnb). Deletion of Lnb yields cells that synthesize diacylated lipoproteins, with impacts on cell viability and morphology, growth on polysaccharides, and protein composition of membranes and outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Our results not only challenge the accepted paradigms of lipoprotein biosynthesis in gram-negative bacteria but also suggest the existence of a new family of lipoprotein <i>N</i>-acyltransferases.