Determination of Biological Activity and Biochemical Content of Ethanol Extract from Fruiting Body of Tricholoma bufonium (Pers.) Gillet

The current study investigates the biochemical composition and biological activities of ethanol extract from the fruit body of <i>Tricholoma bufonium</i>, marking the first detailed examination of this species. The primary goal was to assess the antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, and antioxidant properties of ethanol extract from the fruit body of <i>T. bufonium</i> against a range of bacterial strains. Conventional microbiological and biochemical techniques were employed to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of the extract and to determine its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. Furthermore, a GC-MS analysis identified bioactive compounds, such as palmitic acid and oleic acid, which are likely contributors to the observed antimicrobial activity. The anti-biofilm activity was tested using glucose monohydrate-modified environments for biofilm formation, while the antioxidant potential was measured using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) assay, and FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power) assay. The ethanol extract exhibited potent antimicrobial activity, particularly against <i>Enterococcus faecium</i>, <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> MRSA, with MIC values as low as 0.0338 mg/mL for several pathogens. Additionally, the extract exhibited significant anti-biofilm activity against <i>Bacillus cereus</i> and antioxidant activity with an EC₅₀ value of 11.745 mg/mL. These results suggest that ethanol extract from the fruit body of <i>T. bufonium</i> may be a potent candidate for developing novel antimicrobial agents, particularly against resistant strains such as MRSA, while also providing antioxidant benefits.