Virulence‐Free Reconstituted Synthetic Nanopathogen Empowered by Timely‐Activating TLR Agonist Promotes Heterologous Cancer Immunotherapy with Depletion of Tumor‐Specific T_reg Cells

Abstract The heterologous immunity of live pathogens leads to the emergence of this approach as a pivotal component in cancer immunotherapy. However, virulence, inflammatory‐related toxicity, and the induction of T reg cells after treatment hinder their clinical translation. Here, to exploit the heterologous immunity of live pathogens without risks, a virulence‐free reconstituted synthetic nanopathogen (RSnP) is developed by the cell wall skeleton of disrupted Mycobacterium bovis and the incorporation of timely‐activating Toll‐like receptor 7/8 agonists of which multifaceted activities can be promoted by endolysosomal enzymes. Immunization with RSnP, even without tumor‐specific antigens, exhibits potent antitumor efficacy against melanoma, breast cancer, and bladder cancer by promoting antitumor effector cells (CD8 + T cells, NK cells, M1 macrophages, and Th17 cells) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL‐12p70, TNF‐α, and IL‐6) while simultaneously mitigating immunosuppressive myeloid cells (MDSCs and M2 macrophages) in the tumor microenvironment, surpassing the therapeutic efficacies of approved live‐BCG drug and mRNA vaccine. The increase in CCR8 + Foxp3 + T reg cells induced to counteract RSnP treatment can be attenuated by anti‐CCR8 antibody, a depletion antibody for tumor‐specific T reg cells, to synergize therapeutic efficacy with relieved autoimmunity. RSnP can be a therapeutic nanomedicine platform across heterologous cancers and emerging infectious virus variants with minimized toxicity.