Financial Turmoil, Uncertainty, and Institutions: Turkey’s Political Economy in Crises

Financial turmoil damages national and global economies, but the causes of financial crises vary, with a combination of financial and political factors creating them. By asserting that every financial crisis necessarily involves political aspects, this study aims to certify that the poor policy response of Turkey, which has relied heavily on a “president over institutions” approach, has contributed to the ongoing severe currency and debt crises. Focusing on the two predominantly domestically induced crises of 2001 and 2018, this article analyzes secondary literature and data to put forth a framework that combines the fiscal policy response with a look at the country’s institutional strength and shows how financial uncertainty and instability exacerbated the conditions of the ongoing 2018 crisis. The study also finds that deteriorating political institutions in Turkey, marked by a lack of governmental efficacy that has led to compromised financial and fiscal sustainability, has played a considerable role in the onset of the 2018 crisis.