Case Study: Practical Solutions for Managing Small-Volume Flares in Community Areas: the Installation of an Incinerator

Abstract Flaring, the combustion of excess gas from oil and gas operations, remains a contentious practice, particularly when it comes to routine flaring, which contributes substantially to both energy loss and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In 2023, satellite data estimate that annual flaring amount will reach 148 billion cubic meters (BCM) globally, with small-scale operations flaring less than 5 million standard cubic meters per day (MMSCFD) responsible for 59 BCM [1]. Notably, upstream flaring accounts for over 90% of total flaring [2]. The World Bank's Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 initiative underscores the critical need for enhanced gas management practices. Elevated flare stacks have long been the standard method for managing excess gas; however, incomplete combustion remains a frequently cited issue. While combustion efficiency is generally assumed to range between 97% and 98%, lower rates have been observed in certain cases [3,4], raising concerns that publicly reported figures may underestimate actual GHG emissions. These discrepancies stem from various uncertainties, including inconsistencies in measurement techniques [5]. Additionally, decreased efficiency has been confirmed under specific conditions, such as strong crosswinds [6,7] and suboptimal flare gas properties (e.g., lower heat value, reduced flow) [8]. Incomplete combustion also produces black carbon [9] and unburned methane, both of which have a higher global warming potential than fully combusted CO2. Furthermore, these emissions can potentially degrade local air quality, posing significant risks to public health [10]. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [11], and particulate matter (PM) [12] are significant sources of pollution associated with flaring activities.