Biofuel production from palm oil deoxygenation using nickel-molybdenum on zirconia catalyst using glycerol as a hydrogen donor

• Optimal deoxygenation of palm oil at 400 °C for 5 h yielded a liquid with HHV 42.2 MJ/kg. • NiMoS/ZrO 2 shows superior catalytic activity and lower coke formation compared to NiMo/ZrO 2 . • NiMoS/ZrO 2 produced jet-range alkanes, while NiMo/ZrO 2 produced diesel-range alkanes. • The presence of MoS x active sites enhances the performance of the NiMo/ZrO 2 catalyst. The growing demand for renewable energy has generated interest in biofuels as alternatives to fossil fuels. Second-generation biofuels, derived from deoxygenating fats and oils, have garnered a higher level of interest from industry and academia due to their potential for direct replacement of diesel and jet fuels. Palm oil, mostly cultivated in Thailand and composed of C16 and C18 fatty acids, is a primary feedstock sought for biofuel production. Palm oil deoxygenation contains several pathways that may or may not require hydrogen gas. This study aimed to produce biofuels in different fuel ranges, such as gasoline, jet fuel, and diesel, through palm oil deoxygenation using glycerol as a hydrogen source. Glycerol, a low-value byproduct, was used as a hydrogen donor, whereas nickel-molybdenum-supported catalysts were chosen for their high efficiency in deoxygenation and cost-effectiveness. The study investigated the impact of reaction time, temperature, and catalyst activation method on palm oil deoxygenation. Catalyst characterization methods, including XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, FTIR, TGA, and N 2 -sorption, were employed to understand the role of catalysts’ activity during palm oil upgrading. Findings indicated that alkane hydrocarbons are the major components in liquid products. The presence of excess H 2 in post reaction gaseous phase proves the hydrogen donation capability of glycerol. Increased reaction time and temperature facilitated the removal of oxygen from palm oil. Nickel-molybdenum on zirconia activated by sulfidation demonstrated higher stability than by reduction activation.