MONETARY INSTRUMENTS IN ADDRESSING ECONOMIC CRISES: EFFECTIVENESS AND CHALLENGES

This article aims to investigate the anti-crisis reforms of the monetary policy of the Federal Reserve System (FRS) of the United States during the global financial crisis, the pandemic period, and the worsening of the military conflict in Ukraine. The study showed a significant decline in inflation due to the reduced demand for goods and services in the first two crises. Under these conditions, the Fed needed unprecedented measures to soften its policy. Repo rates fell to their lowest level during the 2008 crisis but rose during the pandemic, indicating a significant demand for these instruments to ensure stability. Since the 2008 crisis and pandemic, the easing policy has led to an increase in Fed assets. This has significant implications for the ability of monetary policy to respond to today's challenges and has led to the need for very careful control of assets. But in 2022, the Fed had to take measures to curb inflationary trends, in particular raising the discount rate.The regression analysis carried out in the article demonstrates a significant impact of monetary instruments on the consumer price index, which indicates the effectiveness of those methods used by the Fed. The article analyzes the use of traditional and non-traditional monetary policy tools of the Fed in different economic conditions and the possible risks and negative consequences of the use of non-traditional tools, such as quantitative easing and very low interest rates. Although these techniques can support the economy in a crisis, their risks need to be taken into account. The findings contribute to the knowledge of monetary policy as a management tool and provide stakeholders with valuable insights for future strategizing.