Advancing Sustainable Seawater Desalination in the Persian Gulf: Opportunities and Challenges under the Kuwait Convention 1978

Seawater desalination has emerged as a viable solution, notably utilized by many Persian Gulf littoral countries facing severe water shortages and aiming to achieve the targets of the sustainable development goal 6 regarding ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. However, desalination comes with costs and can adversely impact marine ecosystems. Conserving and sustainably using oceans, seas, and marine resources is one of the sustainable development goals (Goal 14), and unmanaged use of desalination plants in the Persian Gulf Coasts can threaten this goal. Therefore, moving towards a sustainable process of seawater desalination in this region requires the promotion of cooperation, including through the effective implementation of existing multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). Based on this, the main question of this paper is: what are the opportunities and challenges of the Kuwait Convention (1978) in advancing sustainable seawater desalination in Persian Gulf? The results of descriptive and analytical studies based on library resources in this research indicate that the provisions concerning the prevention, control and combating of land-based pollution, as well as requirements for environmental impact assessments, are the most significant opportunities provided by this instrument. However, the lack of direct obligations regarding the management of seawater desalination and non-existence of effective compliance mechanisms are the challenges of this convention. To address these challenges, adopting a seawater desalination management guideline under ROPME, promoting international cooperation, sharing experiences and knowledge related to innovative technologies and empowering compliance mechanisms under this convention are the essential recommendations for the effective implementation of the Kuwait Convention towards sustainable seawater desalination in the region.