Geological and Geomorphological Characterization of the Anthropogenic Landslide of Pie de la Cuesta in the Vitor Valley, Arequipa, Peru

This study presents the geological and geomorphological characterization of the Pie de la Cuesta landslide, a large (>60 ha) slow-moving (up 4.5 m/month) landslide in Southern Peru. The landslide has been active since 1975 and underwent a significant re-activation in 2016; the mass movement has caused the loss of property and agricultural land and it is currently moving, causing further damage to property and land. We use a combination of historical aerial photographs, satellite images and field work to characterize the landslide’s geology and geomorphology. The landslide is affecting the slope of the Vitor Valley, constituted by a coarsening upward sedimentary sequence transitioning from layers of mudstone and gypsum at the base, to sandstone and conglomerate at the top with a significant ignimbrite layer interbedded within conglomerates near the top of the sequence. The landslide is triggered by an irrigation system that provides up to 10 L/s of water infiltrating the landslide mass. This water forms two groundwater levels at lithological transitions between conglomerates and mudstones, defining the main failure planes. The landslide is characterized by three main structural domains defined by extension, translation and compression deformation regimes. The extensional zone, near the top of the slope, is defined by a main horst–graben structure that transitions into the translation zone defined by toppling and disaggregating blocks that eventually become earth flows that characterize the compressional zone at the front of the landslides, defined by thrusting structures covering the agricultural land at the valley floor. The deformation rates range from 8 cm/month at the top of the slope to 4.5 m/month within the earth flows. As of May 2023, 22.7 ha of potential agricultural land has been buried.