Characterization of A2G UAV communication channels under rician fading conditions

The variation in the k-factor value significantly influences the performance of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) air-to-ground point-to-point line of sight (A2G PTP LOS) communications over a Rician channel at 1,800 MHz using quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) techniques. The research emphasizes the impact of the k-factor, which quantifies the dominance of the line-of-sight component over multipath scattering. The variation in the k-factor significantly influences UAV A2G PTP LOS communication performance for the empirical model (EM), as it involves precise measurements of the received power level in dBm from UAV to ground control station (GCS) across varying distances and altitudes. We introduce a method to compute the k-factor by assessing the ratio of the line-of-sight signal power to the multipath signal power, thereby enhancing channel modeling accuracy. Empirical analysis shows a strong correlation between bit error rate (BER) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with differing k-factor values; a higher k-factor of 16.3 markedly improves performance, virtually eliminating errors at a 10 dB SNR, while a lower k-factor of 2.39 still shows significant errors at a 30 dB SNR. These results highlight the necessity of optimizing the k-factor in UAV A2G PTP LOS systems to ensure stable and reliable communication under diverse operational conditions.