Digital twin architecture for the AEC Industry : A case study in collective robotic construction

The Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry faces increasing demand for customized products and is undergoing transformation through Industry 4.0, necessitating adaptable production systems. Digital twins---virtual counterparts of physical systems---enable real-time synchronization, monitoring, and optimization of construction processes, addressing limitations of manual, fragmented methods. This research presents a digital twin architecture designed to improve digital fabrication in the AEC sector. The architecture includes action modelling, virtual actor modelling, and service modelling, all coordinated by a central engine integrating a Cyber-Physical System (CPS) with its digital twin. The proposed approach standardizes data flow, integrates various fabrication methods, and supports rapid prototyping, tackling complexities in modern AEC environments. A case study from a Collective Robotic Construction (CRC) workshop demonstrates the architecture's practical application, showcasing its ability to streamline workflows, enhance scalability, and improve collaboration. Key findings indicate that this digital twin architecture effectively integrates digital twins into fabrication processes, offering a scalable and reliable solution that enhances adaptability and innovation in construction practices.