Numerical approach and experimental investigation of a stratified hot water storage tank for domestic hot water production

• Investigation of the evolution and the transient behavior of stratified flows within the storage tank. • One-dimensional numerical approach of a stratified storage tank. • Thermal behavior and heat transfer during charging and discharging of energy. Thermal stratification within storage tanks plays a critical role in the efficiency of thermal energy storage systems. In this paper, one-dimensional numerical model of a stratified storage tank is developed to simulate the thermal stratification process within a storage tank during the charging and the discharging processes, capturing the temperature distribution inside the storage tank over time. This work investigates the evolution and transient behavior of stratified flows during the heating and cooling process within sensible-heat energy storage systems under Re D =167 and Re D =616 for heating process. For that purpose, an experimental campaign was performed in an instrumented water storage tank to measure the stratification process when a hot water round jet was injected into a slender cylindrical tank filled with an initially uniform hydrostatic water field stabilized at a lower temperature. This information was used to develop a simple 1D model able to be applied during long-term charging/discharging transients of these kind of systems. The 1D model developed was validated against the experiments performed following prototypical charging/discharging tests according to the standard EN16147 and can be used to describe the energy performance of this kind of systems during long-term charging/discharging sequences. The present model provides a reduction of about 5 % of the error of the time of the water cooling process with respect to other models in the literature.