Holistic analysis of the dynamic stability of the Southern Cameroon Interconnected grid in contingency situations

The Southern Cameroon Interconnected Network (SIG) is depicted as a large-scale power system that has shown significant instability due to a series of blackouts in recent years. These blackouts are primarily attributed to major disruptions in transmission lines and energy deficits between supply and demand. The imbalance between power supply and demand necessitates the grid to operate near its stability limits, increasing the risk of blackouts. The necessity of investigating the dynamics of SIG behavior in response to observed contingency situations serves as the primary motivation for this study. To achieve this objective, the SIG was modeled using saturated generators with ZIP static loads. Through Newton-Raphson based power flow calculations, voltage magnitude profiles of the grid were obtained for each generation scenario. An N-1 contingency consisting of a standard Newton-based continuation power flow (CPF) analysis has identified line 5–6 as the most frequent worst case of line outage. Additionally, a short-term transient analysis was conducted under three-phase short-circuit, line outage and generator outage scenarios. In the event of a short-circuit, the Mangombe-225 bus experienced the most significant impact. Concerning line outages, line 1–5 had the most adverse effect on the grid's frequency stability. However, generation outages had a lesser impact on frequency stability compared to other disturbances. Lastly, modal analysis revealed that the grid exhibited weak stability with a critical mode identified at a frequency of 4.0267 Hz, exceeding typical values. This underscores the necessity of damping the grid oscillations for enhanced stability.