Simultaneous Optimal Sizing of Multi Heavy-Duty Electric Charging Infrastructures Connected to Different Electric Utilities Considering Demand Charges

The increasing number of light-duty electric vehicles (LDEVs) necessitates the development of comprehensive planning of charging infrastructures (CI)s. Heavy-duty electric vehicles (HDEVs) are also becoming more prevalent, particularly in regions with supportive regulations such as California. Due to the high energy demand and high cost of HDEV chargers, unlike LDEVs, widespread deployment of HDEV CIs is not economically feasible for a fleet. This study proposes a novel framework for simultaneously determining the optimal number of HDEV chargers at multiple HDEV depots located across different electric utilities. The proposed framework considers the impact of various utility charging models, including demand charges, while ensuring no trip failures within the fleet. Additionally, it offers a platform for energy management of HDEVs within each depot. Simulation results demonstrate that the model performs excellently in both optimizing the number of chargers and reducing utility bills.