Scalable Bidirectional Smart charging SGAM architecture: use case analysis for a viable business to integrate Electric Vehicles as distributed energy resources based on IEC standards

Bidirectional charging for Electric Vehicles (EVs) is presently primarily addressed and incentivized within small Micro-Grids (MGs), in the form of Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) or Vehicle-to-Building (V2B) systems. Despite extensive research that confirms the advantages of integrating EVs into larger urban-scale MGs as Distributed Energy Sources (DERs), there is a lack of state-of-the-art Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) use cases to encourage users to allow their EVs to participate as prosumers in the electric grid. This paper addresses the issues surrounding the business viability of bidirectional energy trading of EVs from public charging stations while proposing a singular solution feasible within the European energy market. By proposing a combination of different use cases, such as EV-battery leasing for Demand Response (DR) flexibility contracts, Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR), and energy arbitrage, it is possible to establish a convenient framework for all the contracted parties in the electricity market. The proposed approach is designed with harmonized roles defined by ENTSO-E and backed by IEC standards, thus making international adoption of such a model feasible. The resulting model is presented as a SGAM (Smart Grid Architecture Model) architecture, a domain-specific language aimed at implementing such a model, serving as the foundation for further exploration to implement such a concept.