Advanced Handover Algorithm for 5G Network Robustness via NR5G Technology and Non-Standalone Architecture

The New Radio (NR) 5G communication systems have garnered substantial attention due to their capacity to fulfill the demands of both current 5G networks and anticipated future 6G networks. This technology ensures impressive peak and cell-edge data rates, reaching up to 1 Gbps and 100 Gbps, respectively. NR5G operates across frequency bands categorized into two distinct ranges: Frequency Range 1 (FR1), encompassing bands ranging from 410 MHz to 7,125 MHz, and Frequency Range 2 (FR2), covering bands within the spectrum of 24,250 MHz to 71,000 MHz. However, issues such as unfavorable propagation characteristics, shadowing, and blockages may lead to abrupt outages, requiring frequent handovers. This study focuses on a non-standalone (NSA) architecture, where 4G LTE is integrated with three next-generation node B (gNB) systems to mitigate these challenges. Two gNBs within the set belong to a single entity, while the third gNB is affiliated with a distinct entity, exemplified by a scenario involving gNBs from both Jio and Airtel. With the elevated frequency range, coverage areas inherently shrink, necessitating a surge in small cell deployment to meet bandwidth demands. This uptick in small cells directly correlates with a heightened frequency of handovers, leading to substantial system performance degradation. Our study focuses on RSS-based handoff algorithms, wherein handoff initiation relies on UE-reported measurements. The network, utilizing decision metrics like the hysteresis margin, makes informed determinations regarding handoff initiation. This approach aims to manage the intricate trade-offs associated with the increasing prevalence of small cells and their consequential impact on the network's operational efficiency.