Adjoint‐based observation impact on meteorological forecast errors in the Arctic

Abstract Accurate weather forecasting using numerical weather prediction in the Arctic remains a challenge owing to the complex atmospheric dynamics and relatively sparse observations of the region. Nevertheless, the impact of observations used for data assimilation (DA) on forecast errors (observation impacts, OIs) in the Arctic has not been fully explored. This study evaluated the OIs on 24 hr forecast errors in the Arctic by the adjoint‐based forecast sensitivity OI (FSOI) method using the Polar Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, three‐dimensional variational DA, and adjoint model of WRFPLUS. The time‐averaged FSOI during August 2018 was analyzed in terms of the type, variable, satellite channel, altitude, and horizontal location of the observations. The results showed that the total FSOI was greatest for aircraft observations (AIRCRAFT), followed by sonde observations, scatterometer sea‐surface winds, advanced microwave sounding unit‐A radiance data from each satellite, and surface synoptic observations. The impact of AIRCRAFT in reducing forecast errors was greater in the Arctic than in other regions of the globe. The total FSOI of the advanced microwave sounding unit‐A radiance data from all four satellites was the greatest among the total FSOI of the individual observation types. For both AIRCRAFT and sonde observations, the FSOI per observation increased at higher latitudes, indicating that forecast errors in the Arctic could be reduced when upper atmospheric in‐situ observations at higher latitudes are used for DA. The beneficial ratio of the Global Positioning System precipitable water in the Arctic was greater than that in the midlatitudes with relatively moist atmospheres that cause greater uncertainties in converting zenith wet delay. The results of this study can contribute to configuring an optimal observing system in the Arctic by presenting the relative importance of observations for reducing forecast errors.