Aplastic Anemia, Mental Retardation, and Dwarfism Syndrome Associated with <i>Aldh2</i> and <i>Adh5</i> Mutations

Aplastic anemia, mental retardation, and dwarfism (AMeD) syndrome, also known as aldehyde degradation deficiency (ADD) syndrome, is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the ALDH2 and ADH5 genes, leading to decreased activity of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) and alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (ADH5) enzymes, subsequently triggering enhanced cellular levels of formaldehyde and diverse multisystem manifestations.Herein, we present the case of a 7-year-old girl with AMeD syndrome, characterized by pancytopenia, developmental delay, microcephaly, epilepsy, and myelodysplastic syndrome.Whole-exome sequencing revealed compound heterozygous variants (c.832GC and c.678delA) in the ADH5 gene and a heterozygous pathogenic variant (c.1510GA) in the ALDH2 gene.This case underscores the complexity of AMeD syndrome, emphasizing the importance of genetic testing to ensure diagnosis and aid in the development of potential targeted therapeutic approaches.