Cobalt Ferrite@Barium titanate core-shell nanoparticles empowered triboelectric electromagnetic coupled nanogenerator for self-powered electronics

• A TENG-EMG combines CoFe₂O₄@BaTiO₃ core-shell nanoparticles for enhanced energy harvesting. • Combined energy harvesting reaches 37.7 mW output and a power density of 1.86 mW/cm². • Device ensures stability across 10,000+ cycles, ideal for long-term wearable applications. • Operates effectively across frequencies and loads, adapting to varied biomechanical energy. • Successfully powers multiple portable devices, indicating practical potential in electronics. In pursuing sustainable energy solutions for wearable technology and Internet of Things (IoT) devices, achieving high power in self-powered electronics is a significant challenge. This study introduces a novel hybrid nanogenerator by integrating a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and an electromagnetic generator (EMG) to achieve both high voltage and high current outputs simultaneously. The cobalt ferrite barium titanate (CoFe 2 O 4 @ BaTiO 3 ) core–shell nanoparticles (NPs) were chosen for their unique ability to enhance the system’s performance by combining triboelectric, piezoelectric, and electromagnetic properties. The BaTiO 3 shell exhibited robust triboelectric and piezoelectric properties essential for TENG operation, while the CoFe 2 O 4 core, influenced by the EMG’s magnetic field, induces additional static charges, significantly boosting overall energy conversion efficiency. The TENG and EMG in the combined system operate together in a contact-separation mode, where their in-phase output signals are seamlessly combined via a double bridge rectifier, resulting in a robust power output of 37.7 mW and a power density of 1.86 mW/cm 2 , with cycling stability of over 10,000 cycles. The uniquely designed TENG-EMG combined nanogenerator (C-TENG) exhibited striking adaptability, effectively operating across different low-to-high frequencies and load situations while constantly powering portable electronic devices. This innovative approach meets the high energy demands of modern self-powered electronics with exceptional efficiency, durability, and high-power density, positioning it as a versatile solution for wearable biomechanical energy harvesting.