Magnetic resonance lymphangiography abnormalities as extracardiac biomarkers of pulmonary hypertension and functional phenotype in Fontan-Kreutzer univentricular circulation

Magnetic resonance lymphangiography in patients with Fontan-Kreutzer circulation and pulmonary hypertension revealed lymphatic abnormalities types 3-4, indicative of a failing functional phenotype compared to patients without pulmonary hypertension. If validated in larger studies, these results suggest the potential utility of this extracardiac biomarker for improving risk stratification. Integration of lymphangiography and transpulmonary gradient with functional class, atrioventricular valve function, and ejection fraction allowed for the categorisation of three distinct functional phenotypes, which may be valuable for future analyses.