Green approaches for the synthesis of silver nanoparticle and its augmentation in Seed. germination, growth, and antioxidant level in Capsicum annuum L.

Eco -friendly natural nano-compounds, including biological extracts from Aspergillus niger, Azadirachta indica , and Moringa oleifera are known for their efficacy. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) improve seed germination, plant growth, and photosynthetic efficiency. This study focuses on how bio-silver may affect the development and physiology of Capsicum annuum L., specifically bio-silver nano priming with different quantities of synthesised nanoparticles. Nano priming improved seed germination (90–100 %), seedling length (53 %), seedling weight (75 %), seedling vigour index (65 %), as well as germination speed and index. The phytochemicals significantly increased chlorophyll (6–145 %), carotenoids (19–138 %), TPC (12–74 %), and TFC (7–80 %), all of which support plant growth. Nano priming also enhanced TAA (7–67 %) and FRAP (7–57 %). The total protein content (18–111 %) increased, promoting enzyme activity and plant development. Nano-priming increased ROS generation in seedlings more than the control and other priming treatments. This indicates that both ROS, including SOD (2–36 %) and POD (2–72 %), play crucial roles in seedling growth. The various mechanisms involved in nano priming-induced ROS/antioxidant systems in seedlings, such as the production of proline content (7–154 %) and the decrease in MDA (1–15 %), all contribute to the regulation of nanoparticle-generated stress. • Green synthesis of Ag NPs from extract of Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera, and Aspergillus niger. • Biogenic NPs enhances germination and physiological characteristics of Capsicum. • Biogenic nano priming improves photosynthesis and chlorophyll content in Capsicum. • Nanopriming significantly boosted antioxidant defence and decreased oxidative damage.