The Scintillation Counters of the High-Energy Particle Detector of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic (CSES-02) Satellite
The High-Energy Particle Detector (HEPD-02) is one of the scientific payloads of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-02). The HEPD-02’s main purpose is to characterize the particle environment in the Earth’s vicinity, identifying sudden changes in the fluxes and correlating them with solar and terrestrial phenomena. Additionally, HEPD-02 also has capabilities in detecting Gamma-Ray Bursts. At the core of HEPD-02, a tower of scintillation counters made of plastic and LYSO crystals is able to recognize electrons in the range between 3 and 100 MeV, protons and nuclei between 30 and 200 MeV/n. Plastic scintillators covering the calorimeter on five sides allow to reject particles entering from the top and not completely absorbed within its volume. In this work, the design of the HEPD-02 is reviewed in comparison to its predecessor, HEPD-01, highlighting the innovations of the new design. The design of each scintillation counter type has been fully validated through a campaign of prototype realization, testing, and characterization. The production of the scintillation counters, including the PMT selection process, is also discussed. Finally, the performance of the counters is compared with simulations, showing an agreement of within 20% with the expected performance, thereby meeting expectations.
Authors
- Simona Zoffoli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3573-9051)
- G. Osteria (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9871-8103)
- S. Ricciarini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6176-3368)
- V. Scotti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8868-3990)
- R. Battiston (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5808-7239)
- A. Oliva (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6612-6170)
- Z. Sahnoun (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1176-2003)
- Alessandro Sotgiu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-2796)
- A. Contin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2535-5700)
- Umberto Savino (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1884-2444)
- F. Nozzoli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4355-7947)
- Veronica Vilona (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9893-9419)
- F. Palmonari (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3707-0013)
- Giuseppe Gebbia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7252-7416)
- Marco Mese (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1452-3542)
- М. Мерге (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2018-4236)
- M. Lolli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9167-681X)
- M. Ricci (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6816-4894)
- F. Benotto
- M. Pozzato (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0279-5436)
- Riccardo Nicolaidis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7895-8484)
- P. Cipollone (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3903-290X)
- B. Panico (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1063-6961)
- A. Lega (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1660-0524)
- Enrico Serra (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5120-4092)
- C. De Santis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7280-2446)
- S. Coli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7470-4463)
- S. Garrafa Botta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8446-0973)
- C. De Donato (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9725-1281)
- Stefania Perciballi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2868-2819)
- S. Bartocci (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3066-8621)
- R. Sparvoli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6314-6117)
- P. Zuccon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6132-754X)
- P. Picozza (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7986-3321)
- P. Ubertini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0601-0261)
- Francesco Palma (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7076-8830)
- R. Iuppa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5038-2762)
- S. Beolè (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4673-8038)
- M. Cristoforetti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0127-1342)
- F. M. Follega (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2317-9560)
- Francesco Perfetto
- G. Masciantonio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-1561)
- Floarea Dumitrache
- Andrea di Luca (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9074-2133)
- Marco Ricci (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4222-9976)
Institutions
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (IT)
- University of Trento (IT)
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler (IT)
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (IT)
- Nello Carrara Institute of Applied Physics (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics And Applications (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino (IT)
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna (IT)
- University of Turin (IT)
- University of Naples Federico II (IT)
- National Institute for Astrophysics (IT)
- University of Bologna (IT)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Remote Sensing
- Published
- 2024-10-26
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16213982
- Citations
- 5
- Primary Topic
- Earthquake Detection and Analysis
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 2.67