Microbial inoculant has little effect on greenhouse gas emissions following cover crop incorporation

A net negative emissions technology is the transformation of CO 2 and its storage in agricultural soils in form of soil organic carbon (SOC). One possibility to increase SOC stocks in agriculture is to grow and incorporate cover crops in the upper soil layer. However, incorporation of fresh plant material can also increase N 2 O emissions and thereby reduce the overall greenhouse gas mitigation effect. While the effect of removing plant material is relatively well understood, the effect of different incorporation methods and the inoculation of cover crops with microbial inoculant (MI) is still poorly known. To investigate these effects, we conducted an incubation study and a field trial where a grass-clover cover crop was followed by maize. We measured greenhouse gas emissions (N 2 O, CO 2 ), soil parameters (Nmin, DOC, soil moisture and temperature), soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and maize yield. In the four weeks following cover crop incorporation, shallow rotary tillage induced 30 % higher CO 2 emissions than ploughing and removal of cover crop biomass resulted in significantly lower N 2 O and CO 2 emissions as if it was mulched and inoculated with MI. Regarding the whole season, removal of aboveground cover crop biomass reduced N 2 O field emissions in tendency by 21 %, whereby the trend in N 2 O reduction by adding MI in the field was less pronounced. Total N 2 O emissions did not differ between tillage implements used for incorporation. SOC stocks did not change within 0–20 cm within a year. Maize yield was 23 % higher with ploughing than rotary tillage. Overall, the addition of MI during cover crop incorporation might improve the greenhouse gas balance, but potential effects are superimposed too strongly by other management and meteorological factors. Therefore, claims that MI are an option to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture remain weakly substantiated. • Cover crop removal reduced N 2 O and CO 2 the four weeks following incorporation. • Ploughing or rotary tillage made a difference to CO 2 but not to N 2 O emissions after incorporation. • Cover crop removal or microbial inoculant slightly lowered cumulative seasonal N 2 O emissions. • SOC stock changes were not affected by cover crop incorporation within a year • Silage maize yields were higher after ploughing compared with rotary tillage