Changes in Diet among Adult Kidney Stone Formers in the United States: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-2018

Background: Kidney stone disease (KSD) is highly influenced by dietary factors. Here we aim to examine the changes in dietary pattern of adult stone formers (SF) in the United States from 1988 to 2018. Methods: We examined the dietary data of prevalent SF among a nationally representative sample of US adults (age ≥20 years) using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III and 2007-2018. Weighted multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine the trend. Results: The study was divided into four time periods, 1988-1994, 2007-2010, 2011-2014 and 2015-2018. Number of SF (males/females) were 450/311, 591/420, 459/427, 573/451 respectively. The KSD prevalence rate increased from 5.5% in 1988-1994 to 10.8% in 2015-2018, with a male-to-female ratio slightly decreased from 1.38 to 1.32. Changes in dietary pattern were shown in the table. Conclusion: There was a significant increase in polyunsaturated fat, calcium, and fluid intake over time. But dietary potassium intake was reduced. Overall, there were no changes in dietary calories, protein, carbohydrate, fiber, saturated fat, and sodium. The rising KSD prevalence in US is unlikely driven by dietary changes alone. Funding: Private Foundation SupportChanges in dietary pattern among SF in US adults: NHANES 1988 - 2018