Towers of Kuwait Arabic Neurocognitive Assessment: A novel executive and visuospatial functions assessment tool added to the CERAD neuropsychological battery-Arabic version (CERAD-ArNB)

Assessment of executive and visuospatial neurocognitive domains is lacking in the Omani population, especially for elderly individuals with low educational levels. Therefore, the Towers of Kuwait-Arabic Neurocognitive Assessment (ToK-ArNA) was developed using similar psychometric features of Tower of London (ToL) test, and the unique architecture of Towers of Kuwait, with the potential to overcome the limitation of ToL color perception difficulties that might be encountered in subjects with hereditary or acquired color vision disorders. We enrolled 120 older Arabic-speaking Omanis from January 2022 to November 2022 and all participants underwent screening to ensure normal cognitive function before performing the ToL and ToK-ArNA tests. Validity, reliability, and non-parametric statistical tests were used for data analysis. A total of 85 participants, 51 men (60%) and 34 women (40%) met the inclusion criteria and completed the testing. Statistical analyses confirmed the validity and reliability of ToK-ArNA compared to ToL, with comparable total Time and Accuracy scores and more preference towered the ToK-ArNA among the participants. Despite the study limitations, these results indicate that the ToK-ArNA is a reliable and applicable executive and visuospatial function assessment tool and further studies are warranted to establish its validity in patients with various neurocognitive disorders.